Category Archives: Rye Grass Cover Crop

Cover Crop Adoption Steady for 20 Plus Years

Back in the 1990s, nobody but a few cranks and academics were playing around with no-till and cover crops. Then Mike Plumer started researching and testing the hypothesis that both practices would benefit farm profits and soil health.

Fast forward a quarter century, and take a look at the rate of adoption of cover crops in the Midwest.

The good news, over the past 12 years, more than 15 million acres of precious farm acreage have been planted in cover crops regularly, and are now building value and productive qualities. The first 10 years of Plumer’s and Dan Towery’s work to educate growers produced negligible results of cover crop acres. But by 2006, adoption began to gather momentum and the growth since then has been impressive.

The bad news, only about 5 percent of the acres planted for agriculture in the slightly expanded Midwest map are currently planting cover crops.

The good news: Three states (Pennsylvania, Indiana and Michigan) have about twice that average, with Pennsylvania topping the list at 12.9 percent of farm acreage in cover crops. (Michigan and Indiana are just behind, with 8.5 percent each). Further, both Michigan and Indiana have made better than 50 percent increases in just the last five years.

The bad news: if the growth rate continues at current rates, only about 14 million acres of the most productive farmland in the Midwest will be in cover crops by the year 2025. Presumably, the rest – more than 100 million acres – will still be in convenventional tillage.

Annual Ryegrass – Turning The Big Ship of Agriculture Around

In December, cover crop guru Dan Towery came to Oregon to address a conference of growers and suppliers about the history of annual ryegrass in the renaissance of cover crop use in the Midwest.

His message had one of those “good news/bad news” stories. The good news: the number of acres planted in cover crops has grown steadily since the introduction of annual ryegrass in the late 1990s. In fact, the annual rate of increase has reached as high as 15 percent.

The bad news: the overall percentage of ag acres committed to no-till and cover crops is still very low, compared to the number of acres planted. See the graphic below.

Cover Crops Boost Midwest Corn Production

Cover crops boost Midwest corn production, even in marginal soils and dry years.

Years of no-tilling helped Indiana farmer Jeremy Mills save time, fuel and money, but it wasn’t until he used annual ryegrass as a cover crop that he grew 200 bushels-per-acre corn (bu/ac.).

Mills, who has a small livestock operation, farms 2400 acres in the Indianapolis suburbs with his father, Steve. He estimates that cover cropping contributes more than 20 bushels to his corn yield. His previous high yield, before cover crops, was 177 bu/ac.

“I started planting annual ryegrass about eight years ago, in an attempt to break up compaction,” Mills said. “I’d gone to the National No-Till Conference and read articles about how no-till benefits are boosted with annual ryegrass. Between compaction and poor drainage, Mills said, “I used to lose up to one-third of some fields because of water ponding. That doesn’t happen anymore. Cover crops have reduced compaction, improved water infiltration and increased yields,” he said.

At the no-till conference, he might have talked to Ralph “Junior” Upton, a Springerton, Illinois, farmer and Midwest pioneer with cover crops. In the mid 1980s, Upton began to realize he needed extra help to break up his hardpan soil. It wasn’t long before he understood, too, that the biggest differential that cover crops offer in corn yields comes in years when it turns dry mid-summer. This is where the impact of deep-rooting annual ryegrass allows corn roots to get below compaction to deeper moisture.

“I have some hillside land where corn would fall apart real quick in dry weather,” Upton explained. “Because of the plowpan, corn roots would grow horizontally and after 10 days of no rain, the corn would be burning up. With annual ryegrass, that same land can now go four weeks without water and still not give up much yield,” he added.

“Last year, there was no rain between July 7 and September 15. With normal rainfall, I’d get 200 bu/ac. Yet, I still got 160 bu./ac. because of the cover crop,” Upton said.

Upton has worked with crop consultant Mike Plumer for years. In 2008, Plumer released results of a study conducted on long term cover crops versus plain no-till and conventionally-tilled land. The results confirmed the value of annual ryegrass, especially in dry years. Plumer, who was a University of Illinois Extension educator at the time, reported that:

· No-till with annual ryegrass yielded 53 bu./ac. more in 2006 than did nearby “tilled” acreage with no cover crop(155 bu./ac. vs 102)

· The following year (2007) was very dry (3” from May to Oct.) and the resulting harvest was lower, but the difference in yield was greater…nearly 70 bu./ac.:

o Conventional till – 52.5 bu./ac.

o Conventional till w/1 year no-till – 61.5

o No-till – 79.0

o No-till w/Annual ryegrass – 121.0

Upton, who started experimenting with annual ryegrass on that hillside land in 1985, said the land had “zero topsoil,” and in dry years, the slopes would yield no grain. “I figured, if we can do something on this land, it should work everywhere.”

With the current drought conditions, many who were considering a cover crop this year are wondering whether that’s a good idea. Neither Mills nor Upton hesitated when asked about their choice. “Cover crops are a long term investment,” Upton said. “After 10 years of it (even with a setback year now and again) you’re going to be way ahead on soil health and productivity.”

Mills recalled that even with a late planting date, after harvesting beans in September, his annual ryegrass survived the winter, sending roots through rain-soaked compacted layers. “It didn’t look like it had sprouted until March, but by the time we killed it (before planting corn) the top growth was no higher than five inches. But digging down, the roots had grown as deep as three feet.”

He also tried aerial seeding around Labor Day last year, into standing corn. With a warm, wet fall and early spring this year, the cover crop didn’t get killed off until the weather dried out. The annual ryegrass had, in the meantime, eliminated the potential for other winter annuals to sprout.

Comparing the seeding methods, Mills said, “I think I’ll go back to using a drill to plant annual ryegrass. In some years, using the drill, I was able to get a good stand with between 12 and 15 pounds/acre. Flying it on, I took my seed dealer’s advice and applied it at 25lb./ac. and that proved to be too heavy…at least last year.” He estimates his cost for aerial seeding annual ryegrass (including seed cost) at about $25/ac. while drilling it is about the same.

“I’ve seen a marked improvement in the water infiltration since I began using cover crops,” Mills added. He largely relies on annual ryegrass but has lately experimented with cover crop mixes, including winter peas and radish, both of which died off over the winter.

“I’m getting deeper rooting, no compaction and better drainage without adding extra nitrogen to that field,” Mills continued. Annual ryegrass is like having insurance in extreme weather…like we’ve seen the last seven years,” he said. “It pulls up available nitrogen from the soil during the winter and [through the cover crop residue] gives it back to the corn in July, when the crop’s looking for N.”

In today’s cost-conscious environment, Mills figures that even with the cost of cover crop seed and management, he’s still ahead because of higher yields and the value of greatly improved soil health.